Isikhumba sesinye sezona zinto zindala kwimbali yoluntu. Kwangexesha langaphambili, abantu baqala ukusebenzisa uboya bezilwanyana ukuhombisa nokukhusela. Nangona kunjalo, itekhnoloji yokuqala yokwenziwa kwesikhumba yayilula kakhulu, ifaka nje uboya besilwanyana emanzini kwaye emva koko ibuqhubekisele phambili. Ngokutshintsha kwamaxesha, itekhnoloji yokwenziwa kwesikhumba somntu iye yavela ngokuthe ngcembe kwaye yaphucuka. Ukusuka kwindlela yokuvelisa yamandulo ukuya kwimveliso yanamhlanje, izixhobo zesikhumba zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ebomini bomntu.
Ukwenziwa kwesikhumba kwangoko
Ukwenziwa kwesikhumba kwasekuqaleni kunokulandwa emva kwixesha lamandulo laseYiputa malunga ne-4000 BC. Ngelo xesha, abantu babefunxa uboya bezilwanyana emanzini baze bagawulwe ngeoli yendalo yemifuno kunye namanzi anetyuwa. Le ndlela yokuvelisa yeyakudala kakhulu kwaye ayikwazi ukuvelisa izinto zesikhumba eziphezulu. Ukongeza, kuninzi umsebenzi kunye nexesha elifunekayo kwinkqubo yokuvelisa. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuqina okuqinileyo kunye nokuqina kwezinto zesikhumba, zazisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kuluntu lwamandulo ukwenza iimpahla, izicathulo, izikhwama kunye nezinye izinto.
Ngokutshintsha kwamaxesha, itekhnoloji yokwenziwa kwesikhumba somntu iye yaphuhliswa ngokuthe ngcembe. Malunga ne-1500 BC, amaGrike amandulo aqala ukusebenzisa itekhnoloji yokutshisa ukusetyenzwa koboya bezilwanyana ukuvelisa izinto zesikhumba ezithambileyo nezihlala ixesha elide. Umgaqo wetekhnoloji yetekhnoloji yolusu kukusebenzisa izixhobo zolusu ukuwela i-collagen kuboya bezilwanyana, iyenze ithambile, ikwazi ukumelana namanzi, imelane nokugqwala kunye nezinye iipropathi. Le ndlela yokuvelisa yayisetyenziswa kakhulu kuMbindi Mpuma wamandulo naseYurophu kwaye yaba yeyona ndlela iphambili yokwenza ufele lwamandulo.
Ukwenziwa kwesikhumba sokwenyani
Isikhumba sokwenyani sibhekisa kwizinto ezenziwe ngofele lwendalo ngoboya bezilwanyana. Itekhnoloji yokwenziwa kwesikhumba sokwenyani ihambele phambili kwaye intsonkothile kuneyokuqala ukwenziwa kwesikhumba. Ezona nkqubo ziphambili zokwenza ufele lwenyani lubandakanya: ukuhluba uboya bezilwanyana, ukufunxwa, ukuhlanjwa, ukusukwa, ukudaywa kunye nokulungiswa. Phakathi kwazo, ukuthambisa ulusu kunye nokudaya ngawona manyathelo abalulekileyo kwimveliso yesikhumba yokwenyani.
Kwinkqubo yolusu, izinto ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo zolusu ziquka imathiriyeli yolusu lwemifuno, imathiriyeli yolusu oluyi-chrome kunye nemathiriyeli yokwenziwa kolusu. Phakathi kwazo, izixhobo zokutshisa i-chrome zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi ngenxa yeenzuzo zazo ezifana nesantya sokucubungula ngokukhawuleza, umgangatho ozinzile kunye nesiphumo esihle. Nangona kunjalo, amanzi amdaka kunye neentsalela zenkunkuma ezenziwe ngexesha lokusulwa kwe-chrome ziya kungcolisa okusingqongileyo, ngoko ke kufuneka zicocwe ngokufanelekileyo kwaye zilawulwe.
Ngexesha lenkqubo yokudaya, isikhumba sangempela sinokudaywa ngemibala eyahlukeneyo njengoko kuyimfuneko ukufezekisa imiphumo eyahlukeneyo yokuhlobisa kunye nokukhusela. Ngaphambi kokudaya, isikhumba sokwenyani kufuneka siphathwe phezulu ukuze idayi ingene ngokupheleleyo kwaye ilungise kwindawo yesikhumba. Okwangoku, iintlobo kunye nomgangatho weedayi zihlala ziphucula, ezinokuhlangabezana neemfuno ezahlukeneyo zabantu kunye nokukhethwa kwezinto zesikhumba.
Ukwenziwa kwePU kunye nePVC yethwathwa
Ngophuhliso oluqhubekayo lwetekhnoloji yekhemikhali, abantu baye bafumanisa ngokuthe ngcembe izinto ezintsha zokwenziwa ezinokulinganisa inkangeleko kunye nokuziva kwesikhumba sokwenyani, kwaye zibe neplastikhi engcono, ukungangeni kwamanzi kunye nokuqina. Ezi zixhobo zokwenziwa ikakhulu ziquka i-PU (i-polyurethane) yesikhumba kunye ne-PVC (i-polyvinyl chloride) yesikhumba.
I-PU yesikhumba yisikhumba esifanisiweyo esenziwe nge-polyurethane impahla, eneempawu zokuthamba, ukuxhathisa kwamanzi, ukunyanzeliswa kokugqoka kunye nokukrazula. Indlela yayo yokuvelisa ukwambathisa izinto zepolyurethane kwifiber okanye izinto ezingalukwanga, kwaye zenze izinto zesikhumba emva kwe-calendering, tanning, dyeing kunye nezinye iinkqubo. Xa kuthelekiswa nesikhumba sokwenyani, isikhumba sePU sineengenelo zexabiso eliphantsi kunye nokusebenza ngokulula, kwaye sinokulinganisa imibala eyahlukeneyo kunye neziphumo zokuthungwa. Isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwimveliso yempahla, izihlangu, ifenitshala kunye nezinye iimveliso.
Isikhumba se-PVC luhlobo lwesikhumba esifanisiweyo esenziwe nge-polyvinyl chloride imathiriyeli, eneempawu zokungangeni kwamanzi, ukumelana nokunxiba kwaye kulula ukuyicoca. Indlela yayo yokuvelisa ukugqoka i-polyvinyl chloride impahla kwi-substrate, kwaye emva koko yenza izinto zesikhumba ngokusebenzisa i-calendering, i-engraving, idayi kunye nezinye iinkqubo. Xa kuthelekiswa nesikhumba sePU, ufele lwePVC lunoncedo lweendleko eziphantsi kunye nokuqina okunamandla, kwaye lunokulinganisa imibala eyahlukeneyo kunye neepateni. Isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwimveliso yezihlalo zeemoto, imithwalo, izikhwama kunye nezinye iimveliso.
Nangona i-PU kunye ne-PVC yesikhumba zineenzuzo ezininzi, zisenazo ezinye izinto ezingeloncedo. Ngokomzekelo, inkqubo yabo yokuvelisa iya kuvelisa inani elikhulu leegesi eziyingozi kunye namanzi angcolileyo, okuya kungcolisa indalo. Ukongezelela, ubomi babo abukho bude njengesikhumba sokwenyani, kwaye kulula ukubuna kunye nokuguga. Ngoko ke, abantu kufuneka banikele ingqalelo ekugcinweni nasekugcinweni xa besebenzisa ezi mveliso zesikhumba zokwenziwa.
Ukwenziwa kwesikhumba se-silicone
Ukongeza kwesikhumba sangempela semveli kunye nesikhumba sokwenziwa, uhlobo olutsha lwesikhumba, i-silicone yesikhumba, iye yavela kwiminyaka yamuva. Isikhumba se-Silicone sisikhumba sokwenziwa okwenziwe nge-silicone ye-molecular high kunye ne-fiber fibre coating, enenzuzo yobunzima obulula, ukunyathela ukugoba, ukuguga, ukuguga, ukuchasana nokuhlambalaza kunye nokulula ukucoceka, kunye nolusu-friendly kunye nokuziva ukhululekile.
Isikhumba se-Silicone sinoluhlu olubanzi lokusetyenziswa kwaye lunokusetyenziswa ukwenza izinto zangaphakathi zemoto, izikhwama zezandla, iimeko zefowuni kunye nezinye iimveliso. Xa kuthelekiswa ne-PU kunye ne-PVC yesikhumba, isikhumba se-silicone sinokuxhathisa okungcono kwe-hydrolysis, ukuxhathisa kwe-UV, ukuxhathisa ityuwa yokutshiza kunye nokumelana nokushisa okuphezulu kunye nokuphantsi, kwaye akukho lula ukuguga kunye nokucima. Ukongezelela, akukho gesi ezinobungozi kunye namanzi amdaka avelisiweyo ngexesha lokwenziwa kwesikhumba se-silicone, kwaye ukungcola kokusingqongileyo kuncinci.
Ukuqukumbela
Njengempahla yamandulo kunye nefashini, isikhumba siye sahamba kwinkqubo yophuhliso olude. Ukusukela ekuqaleni kokusetyenzwa koboya bezilwanyana ukuya kwisikhumba sokwenyani, iPU, iPVC yesikhumba kunye ne-silicone yesikhumba, iintlobo kunye nomgangatho wesikhumba ziye zaphuculwa ngokuqhubekayo, kwaye umda wosetyenziso uye wandiswa ngokuqhubekayo. Ingaba ithwathwa lokwenyani okanye i-synthetic, ineenzuzo zayo ezizodwa kunye nokungonakali, kwaye abantu kufuneka bakhethe ngokweemfuno ezahlukeneyo kunye neemeko xa beyisebenzisa.
Nangona iteknoloji yemveliso yanamhlanje kunye nezixhobo zemichiza zithathe indawo yeendlela ezininzi zesikhumba zemveli, isikhumba sokwenyani siseyinto exabisekileyo, kwaye ukuvakalelwa kwayo okuyingqayizivele kunye nokuthungwa kwenza kube yinto yokuqala yokukhetha iimveliso eziphezulu. Kwangaxeshanye, abantu baye baqonda ngokuthe ngcembe ukubaluleka kokukhuselwa kwendalo kwaye baqala ukuzama ukusebenzisa izinto ezihambelana nokusingqongileyo kunye nezizinzileyo ukuze bathathe indawo yesikhumba sokwenziwa kwemveli. Isikhumba seSilicone yenye yezinto ezintsha. Ayinamsebenzi ogqwesileyo kuphela, kodwa inongcoliseko oluncinci kokusingqongileyo. Kunokuthiwa yinto ethembisa kakhulu.
Ngamafutshane, ngenkqubela phambili eqhubekayo yenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe kunye nengqalelo yabantu kukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo, ufele, izinto zakudala kunye nefashoni, nazo zihlala zivela kwaye ziphuhlisa. Nokuba sisikhumba sokwenyani, iPU, yePVC yesikhumba, okanye i-silicone yesikhumba, kukuqaqambisa ubulumko babantu kunye nokusebenza nzima. Ndiyakholelwa ukuba kuphuhliso lwexesha elizayo, izinto zesikhumba ziya kuqhubeka zivelisa kwaye zitshintshe, zizisa ubuhle obuninzi kunye nokulula kubomi bomntu.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jul-15-2024